Aos que se enterecem em uma leitura informativa (em ingles, futuramente estarei traduzindo para portugues) estarei disponibilazando uma pesquisa feita por mim em uma tribo da Amazonia chama Awa-Guaja.
Aqui segue a pesquisa:
Aqui segue a pesquisa:
[SIZE=12pt]Rafael Goldenberg Araujo[/SIZE]
[SIZE=12pt]Oslo International School/ Pre-IB[/SIZE]
[SIZE=12pt]7 February 2017[/SIZE]
[SIZE=12pt] #WORD COUNT:1405[/SIZE]
Abstract:
[SIZE=12pt]This essay provides an investigation of the massacres of the Awa-Guaja tribe and urbanization of the Amazon forest. My research question is; how does urbanization in the Amazon forest affect the Awa-Guaja tribe. To answer my research question chosen, I decided to narrow my research into small subtopics. My subtopics chosen are deforestation in the Amazon, the construction of a railway and the last one is the role of the Brazilian army. My resources used to answer my question were mainly websites and the main site used was the Vanity Fair written by Alex Shoumatoff, “The Last of Eden”. [/SIZE]
[SIZE=12pt]With my research on how does urbanization in the Amazon affect the Awa tribe, I was able to satisfy my various curiosities about this fascinating tribe. During the past 50 years the Awa tribe has been affected by both actions taken in the past, caused by the Brazilian dictatorship and modern factors such as the urbanization of the Amazon, the exploration of the Amazon resources and the construction of hydro-electric dams. With this essay I plan to present to the people this amazing tribe that will soon be extinct, if we do not take immediate action to help them to adapt to urbanization in the Amazon. The target audience for this paper is those who are interested in human rights and those who see the injustice in the urbanization of the Amazon. [/SIZE]
Summary
Abstract: 2
Introduction: 4
Chapter 1 - Deforestation in the Amazon. 4
Chapter 2 - The railway and it’s problems. 5
Chapter 3 - The role of the Brazilian Dictatorship: 6
Conclusion: 7
Bibliography. 9
Introduction:
[SIZE=12pt] Through the years, the Awa-Guaja tribe have been facing many problems with urbanization in the Amazon. Those problems are deforestation of their protected areas, intensive cattle farming, settlers and also the diseases brought by the settlers, farmers and lumberjacks. The Awa tribe is the most endangered tribe on the earth and is close to extinction, containing only 355 members left, and out of those 355 only 100 have not contacted civilization yet (Chamberlain, The Guardian ). This topic is interesting because it emphasizes to the readers how fragile and close to extinction these native tribes are, and also how we should all take a minute and help them to overcome their problems caused by intense urbanization of the Amazon. The Awa tribe is a nomadic tribe that currently lives in the north of Brazil around the state of Maranhao. During the past years they have been under a great threat of civilization and have lost around one third of their land. A fact that caused them to lose their land was the development of the Amazon. The decrease of Awa members was caused by the construction of a railway and the role of the Brazilian dictatorship. Sooner or later this fragile tribe will be wiped off of the earth’s surface, but we can still save them if we all help them.[/SIZE]
Chapter 1 - Deforestation in the Amazon
[SIZE=12pt] Deforestation in the Amazon is a major problem that the Awas are facing in the Amazon. The Awas have a big affinity with the forest (Chamberlain, The Guardian ), they take only what is needed to survive. Most of their food comes from the jungle, so if there is no forest they will have a hard time finding food to feed the tribe members and will starve to de[/SIZE][SIZE=12pt]ath. [/SIZE][SIZE=12pt]"[/SIZE][SIZE=12pt]They are chopping down wood and they are going to destroy everything," according to an Awa member, he says that destruction is everywhere in the Amazon and he follows by saying "Monkeys, peccaries, tapir, they are all running away. I don't know how we are going to eat – everything is being destroyed, the whole area” (Chamberlain, The Guardian ). So as we can see from the tribes members they are frustrated and desperate looking for food to feed their members.[/SIZE]
[SIZE=12pt] Another problem that the Awas face on their daily basis is the violence that they suffer from the loggers, farmers and settlers. Karampiru who is a famous Awa member, told a journalist about how his family was attacked and killed by ranchers. The indigenous man ended up escaping and living isolated for ten years until a farmer found him 400 miles away from his local area (Shoumatoff). Another common violence that the Awa’s suffer is the attack by their common enemies, the Ka’apor and according to Travos, many Awas have been killed at their hands (Shoumatoff). On the Awa’s protected land, many illegal settlements are being built, and together with the settlers, many gunmen are hired to kill the Awas. Many of the human rights groups are scared to protect the Awas for those reasons. Nowadays human rights groups are accusing many logging companies of killing the Awas. This is a movement that is clearly helping the Awas to get through these tough moments and according to the leader of those movements only immediate government actions will save the Awas (Chamberlain, The Guardian ). With the decline of food sources, destruction of their natural habitat and violence coming from settlers, loggers and farmers, it is quite clear that the Awas are under a great threat and will soon be extinct if nothing is done.[/SIZE]
Chapter 2 - The railway and it’s problems
[SIZE=12pt]In 1982, the European Economic Community and the World Bank funded a programme to extract iron from the Carajas Mountain. The programme was to build a railway to the extraction point where the iron would be exported. The main problem was the railway was built through the Awa’s protected land. The railway was built in an area that was virtually untouched by civilization. Many settlers, loggers and ranchers used this railway as a tool to get into the Amazon in areas that have not been explored. Due to the easy access to these deserted areas, lots of settlers started to come. Soon after the settlers came a “road-building” programme was introduced. As a result of roads being built loggers started to have better access to fresh and good quality resources, bringing the Awas lots of problems that were mentioned in the previous chapter (Chamberlain, The Guardian ). According to Survival’s research director, Fiona Watson, the railway was a disaster for the Awas, which have been exposed to diseases that their immune system could not handle and they eventually ended up dying. With the roads being built, two massacres were registered against the Awas in the 70s and another took place in the early 80s. Subsequently, many Awas became refugees and were forced to move to a neighbouring state Piaui, where they were also hunted by Pistoleiros (armed men) (Shoumatoff). The railway construction brought many settlers, ranchers and loggers that migrated to the Amazon. These invaders put the Awa’s under enormous threat either by evicting them from their land, bringing diseases that their immune system could not fight against and/or killing them.[/SIZE]
Chapter 3 - The role of the Brazilian Dictatorship:
[SIZE=12pt]The Brazilian Dictatorship’s involvement in the Amazon rainforest took place between 1960 until 1980, where many Awas were affected by drastic governmental changes. Those 20 years were not only terrible for the Brazilians, but was also catastrophic for the natives. In 1964 the military introduced a new policy of assimilating the natives to the Brazilian culture and traditions. All natives who refused this assimilation process were executed (Shoumatoff). Other than the exterminations introduced by the assimilating process, the military also opened the Amazon to developers of infrastructure, which made it easier for ranchers, miners and settlers to occupy the (until then) protected areas. The wave of development on Awa’s protected lands stole homes, natural habitats and indirectly exterminated animals and members of the tribe. Aforementioned, the ranchers, miners and settlers also came with armed man who killed the Awas in cold blood. During this time the Brazilian government was ruled by Dictatorship, causing many human rights movements to lose their freedom of speech (Survival International ). Many Awas no longer had anyone to defend them against the developers and protect against genocide. When the Dictatorship finally came to an end in 1985 a new constitution was created and the Awas re-gained their rights and human rights groups were allowed to protect the Awas once again and make a stand for the Awa’s rights. Even though the Dictatorship was over many Awas were killed and many Awa tribes were wiped out and became extinct (Survival International ). [/SIZE]
[SIZE=12pt]Another problem brought by the military was the construction of hydro-electric dams; these dams flooded the indigenous areas depriving them from using their own land, which made their food sources scarce. Another problem created by the electric dams was the energy provided by the hydro-electric companies was used by the mining companies who poison the river’s water during the exploration processes. As a result of the Brazilian dictatorship during the 1960 until 1985 many Awas were executed due to the exploration of the Amazon caused by the opening of the lands by the military (Survival International ).[/SIZE]
Conclusion:
[SIZE=12pt]As we can conclude from reading this essay, over the past 50 years the Awas have been put under a great threat. Every single day they are increasingly on the edge of extinction caused by many problems created by the process of urbanization in the Amazon rainforest, such as ranching, mining and new towns being erected on their land. They have also been affected by factors of governmental intervention by the Brazilian Dictatorship who deprived all the Awas of their rights and killed many of them through the assimilation processes. The construction of the railway that runs across their protected land was another major problem which gave loggers, settlers and ranchers free reign over the untouched land. We can conclude in this essay the Awa tribe is grave danger and if they do not receive any special help from the government and non-governmental organizations they will become extinct. However, with help they could manage to re-build and get stronger again and the earth will not lose this amazing tribe and culture of the Awas. [/SIZE]
Bibliography
Butler, Rhett. Mongabay.com . 23 de January de 2016. 24 de January de 2017 <http://rainforests.mongabay.com/amazon/amazon_destruction.html>.
Chamberlain, Gethin. Taipei Times. 30 de 4 de 2012. 29 de 11 de 2016 <http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/editorials/archives/2012/04/30/2003531601>.
—. The Guardian . 22 de 4 de 2012. 29 de 11 de 2016 <https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/apr/22/brazil-rainforest-awa-endangered-tribe>.
McGrath, Matt. BBC . 19 de 4 de 2013. 29 de 11 de 2016 <http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-22203476>.
Salgado, Sebastiao. Oglobo. N.D . 24 de January de 2017 <http://oglobo.globo.com/brasil/os-awa-pelas-lentes-de-sebastiao-salgado-9338916>.
Shoumatoff, Alex. Vanity Fair. 12 de 2013. 29 de 11 de 2016 <http://www.vanityfair.com/culture/2013/12/awa-indians-endangered-amazon-tribe>.
Survival International . N.D. 20 de 12 de 2016 <http://www.survivalinternational.org/tribes/brazilian>.
[SIZE=12pt]Oslo International School/ Pre-IB[/SIZE]
[SIZE=12pt]7 February 2017[/SIZE]
[SIZE=22pt]How does urbanization in the Amazon forest affect the Awa-Guaja[/SIZE]
[SIZE=12pt] #WORD COUNT:1405[/SIZE]
Abstract:
[SIZE=12pt]This essay provides an investigation of the massacres of the Awa-Guaja tribe and urbanization of the Amazon forest. My research question is; how does urbanization in the Amazon forest affect the Awa-Guaja tribe. To answer my research question chosen, I decided to narrow my research into small subtopics. My subtopics chosen are deforestation in the Amazon, the construction of a railway and the last one is the role of the Brazilian army. My resources used to answer my question were mainly websites and the main site used was the Vanity Fair written by Alex Shoumatoff, “The Last of Eden”. [/SIZE]
[SIZE=12pt]With my research on how does urbanization in the Amazon affect the Awa tribe, I was able to satisfy my various curiosities about this fascinating tribe. During the past 50 years the Awa tribe has been affected by both actions taken in the past, caused by the Brazilian dictatorship and modern factors such as the urbanization of the Amazon, the exploration of the Amazon resources and the construction of hydro-electric dams. With this essay I plan to present to the people this amazing tribe that will soon be extinct, if we do not take immediate action to help them to adapt to urbanization in the Amazon. The target audience for this paper is those who are interested in human rights and those who see the injustice in the urbanization of the Amazon. [/SIZE]
Summary
Abstract: 2
Introduction: 4
Chapter 1 - Deforestation in the Amazon. 4
Chapter 2 - The railway and it’s problems. 5
Chapter 3 - The role of the Brazilian Dictatorship: 6
Conclusion: 7
Bibliography. 9
Introduction:
[SIZE=12pt] Through the years, the Awa-Guaja tribe have been facing many problems with urbanization in the Amazon. Those problems are deforestation of their protected areas, intensive cattle farming, settlers and also the diseases brought by the settlers, farmers and lumberjacks. The Awa tribe is the most endangered tribe on the earth and is close to extinction, containing only 355 members left, and out of those 355 only 100 have not contacted civilization yet (Chamberlain, The Guardian ). This topic is interesting because it emphasizes to the readers how fragile and close to extinction these native tribes are, and also how we should all take a minute and help them to overcome their problems caused by intense urbanization of the Amazon. The Awa tribe is a nomadic tribe that currently lives in the north of Brazil around the state of Maranhao. During the past years they have been under a great threat of civilization and have lost around one third of their land. A fact that caused them to lose their land was the development of the Amazon. The decrease of Awa members was caused by the construction of a railway and the role of the Brazilian dictatorship. Sooner or later this fragile tribe will be wiped off of the earth’s surface, but we can still save them if we all help them.[/SIZE]
Chapter 1 - Deforestation in the Amazon
[SIZE=12pt] Deforestation in the Amazon is a major problem that the Awas are facing in the Amazon. The Awas have a big affinity with the forest (Chamberlain, The Guardian ), they take only what is needed to survive. Most of their food comes from the jungle, so if there is no forest they will have a hard time finding food to feed the tribe members and will starve to de[/SIZE][SIZE=12pt]ath. [/SIZE][SIZE=12pt]"[/SIZE][SIZE=12pt]They are chopping down wood and they are going to destroy everything," according to an Awa member, he says that destruction is everywhere in the Amazon and he follows by saying "Monkeys, peccaries, tapir, they are all running away. I don't know how we are going to eat – everything is being destroyed, the whole area” (Chamberlain, The Guardian ). So as we can see from the tribes members they are frustrated and desperate looking for food to feed their members.[/SIZE]
[SIZE=12pt] Another problem that the Awas face on their daily basis is the violence that they suffer from the loggers, farmers and settlers. Karampiru who is a famous Awa member, told a journalist about how his family was attacked and killed by ranchers. The indigenous man ended up escaping and living isolated for ten years until a farmer found him 400 miles away from his local area (Shoumatoff). Another common violence that the Awa’s suffer is the attack by their common enemies, the Ka’apor and according to Travos, many Awas have been killed at their hands (Shoumatoff). On the Awa’s protected land, many illegal settlements are being built, and together with the settlers, many gunmen are hired to kill the Awas. Many of the human rights groups are scared to protect the Awas for those reasons. Nowadays human rights groups are accusing many logging companies of killing the Awas. This is a movement that is clearly helping the Awas to get through these tough moments and according to the leader of those movements only immediate government actions will save the Awas (Chamberlain, The Guardian ). With the decline of food sources, destruction of their natural habitat and violence coming from settlers, loggers and farmers, it is quite clear that the Awas are under a great threat and will soon be extinct if nothing is done.[/SIZE]
Chapter 2 - The railway and it’s problems
[SIZE=12pt]In 1982, the European Economic Community and the World Bank funded a programme to extract iron from the Carajas Mountain. The programme was to build a railway to the extraction point where the iron would be exported. The main problem was the railway was built through the Awa’s protected land. The railway was built in an area that was virtually untouched by civilization. Many settlers, loggers and ranchers used this railway as a tool to get into the Amazon in areas that have not been explored. Due to the easy access to these deserted areas, lots of settlers started to come. Soon after the settlers came a “road-building” programme was introduced. As a result of roads being built loggers started to have better access to fresh and good quality resources, bringing the Awas lots of problems that were mentioned in the previous chapter (Chamberlain, The Guardian ). According to Survival’s research director, Fiona Watson, the railway was a disaster for the Awas, which have been exposed to diseases that their immune system could not handle and they eventually ended up dying. With the roads being built, two massacres were registered against the Awas in the 70s and another took place in the early 80s. Subsequently, many Awas became refugees and were forced to move to a neighbouring state Piaui, where they were also hunted by Pistoleiros (armed men) (Shoumatoff). The railway construction brought many settlers, ranchers and loggers that migrated to the Amazon. These invaders put the Awa’s under enormous threat either by evicting them from their land, bringing diseases that their immune system could not fight against and/or killing them.[/SIZE]
Chapter 3 - The role of the Brazilian Dictatorship:
[SIZE=12pt]The Brazilian Dictatorship’s involvement in the Amazon rainforest took place between 1960 until 1980, where many Awas were affected by drastic governmental changes. Those 20 years were not only terrible for the Brazilians, but was also catastrophic for the natives. In 1964 the military introduced a new policy of assimilating the natives to the Brazilian culture and traditions. All natives who refused this assimilation process were executed (Shoumatoff). Other than the exterminations introduced by the assimilating process, the military also opened the Amazon to developers of infrastructure, which made it easier for ranchers, miners and settlers to occupy the (until then) protected areas. The wave of development on Awa’s protected lands stole homes, natural habitats and indirectly exterminated animals and members of the tribe. Aforementioned, the ranchers, miners and settlers also came with armed man who killed the Awas in cold blood. During this time the Brazilian government was ruled by Dictatorship, causing many human rights movements to lose their freedom of speech (Survival International ). Many Awas no longer had anyone to defend them against the developers and protect against genocide. When the Dictatorship finally came to an end in 1985 a new constitution was created and the Awas re-gained their rights and human rights groups were allowed to protect the Awas once again and make a stand for the Awa’s rights. Even though the Dictatorship was over many Awas were killed and many Awa tribes were wiped out and became extinct (Survival International ). [/SIZE]
[SIZE=12pt]Another problem brought by the military was the construction of hydro-electric dams; these dams flooded the indigenous areas depriving them from using their own land, which made their food sources scarce. Another problem created by the electric dams was the energy provided by the hydro-electric companies was used by the mining companies who poison the river’s water during the exploration processes. As a result of the Brazilian dictatorship during the 1960 until 1985 many Awas were executed due to the exploration of the Amazon caused by the opening of the lands by the military (Survival International ).[/SIZE]
Conclusion:
[SIZE=12pt]As we can conclude from reading this essay, over the past 50 years the Awas have been put under a great threat. Every single day they are increasingly on the edge of extinction caused by many problems created by the process of urbanization in the Amazon rainforest, such as ranching, mining and new towns being erected on their land. They have also been affected by factors of governmental intervention by the Brazilian Dictatorship who deprived all the Awas of their rights and killed many of them through the assimilation processes. The construction of the railway that runs across their protected land was another major problem which gave loggers, settlers and ranchers free reign over the untouched land. We can conclude in this essay the Awa tribe is grave danger and if they do not receive any special help from the government and non-governmental organizations they will become extinct. However, with help they could manage to re-build and get stronger again and the earth will not lose this amazing tribe and culture of the Awas. [/SIZE]
Bibliography
Butler, Rhett. Mongabay.com . 23 de January de 2016. 24 de January de 2017 <http://rainforests.mongabay.com/amazon/amazon_destruction.html>.
Chamberlain, Gethin. Taipei Times. 30 de 4 de 2012. 29 de 11 de 2016 <http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/editorials/archives/2012/04/30/2003531601>.
—. The Guardian . 22 de 4 de 2012. 29 de 11 de 2016 <https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/apr/22/brazil-rainforest-awa-endangered-tribe>.
McGrath, Matt. BBC . 19 de 4 de 2013. 29 de 11 de 2016 <http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-22203476>.
Salgado, Sebastiao. Oglobo. N.D . 24 de January de 2017 <http://oglobo.globo.com/brasil/os-awa-pelas-lentes-de-sebastiao-salgado-9338916>.
Shoumatoff, Alex. Vanity Fair. 12 de 2013. 29 de 11 de 2016 <http://www.vanityfair.com/culture/2013/12/awa-indians-endangered-amazon-tribe>.
Survival International . N.D. 20 de 12 de 2016 <http://www.survivalinternational.org/tribes/brazilian>.
